Exam 1 is 100 points long and covers material that was involved in the two written assignments and programs 1 through 3.

Review questions are available on the course home page. Please take some time to look at them, as they are representative of what will be on the exam.

What is not on this test? The test does not involve tables or internal subroutines.

You will need a copy of the Reference Summary.

Binary and Hexadecimal representation and arithmetic

Your understanding of the binary and hexadecimal systems is crucial when programming in any Assembly language.

• It is advisable to know how to use the hexadecimal and decimal conversion chart on pages 39 and 40 of the Reference Summary.
• Know direct hexadecimal to binary conversion (X'A' = B'1010')
• Be able to compute the two's complement of binary and hexadecimal integers.
• Be able to perform addition and subtraction of binary and hexadecimal numbers.
• Be able to convert hexadecimal and binary numbers to decimal, and vice-versa.
• Be familiar with the concept of overflow. Know how to detect conditions that result in overflow.

Memory Organization

It is important to know how main memory is organized. In some cases you must organize and access your memory according to specific rules, otherwise your programs will not function correctly.

• Know the basic units of memory and their addressibility: 1 Double word = 2 fullwords = 8 bytes = 64 bits.
• Know when data must align to a fullword boundary.
• Know how to use and the difference of the DC and DS statements. Know which data units will force alignment to which boundaries.
• Know what will cause, and how to debug a specification exception (0006).

Dumps

When programming and debugging on the machine level, the truth is always in the dump. Do not rely on what the assembler was 'supposed to do'. The only way to get to the root of a problem is to look in the dump. It is important then that you are familiar with the format of the dump and how to read it.

• Know the basic format. How to find the contents of memory locations and the registers.
• By using the listing, be able to locate instructions and data encoded by the assembler.
• Be able to interpret the Program Status Word (PSW).
• Know how to compute the instruction length code, condition code, and ABENDing instruction length.
• Given only the PSW, know how to find an ABENDing instruction.

Addressing

One of the features provided by the assembler is the use of labels, which greatly simplify the task of referencing memory throughout our program. However, it is important to know how the addresses are stored and determined in our instructions. There are no labels in the dumps, so we must be able to find an address given its base-index-displacement values.

• Given a base register, an index register, and a displacement, be able to compute the absolute address.
• Know how the assembler uses the USING statement to determine the register to use as a base register.
• Know what causes, and how to debug protection exceptions (0004), and addressing exceptions (0005).

Instruction Encoding

The basic job of the assembler is to take your instructions and encode them into their machine-language form. You should be familair with how the assembler does this, and especially how to do the reverse. That is, given the machine-language code, how to convert back to the explicit assembler. This is important when debugging from a dump.

• Know the basic RR and RX instruction formats.
• Know how to encode and decode the instructions we have covered.
• Know what causes, and how to debug, an operation exception (0001).

Important Instructions

Of course, all assembly language programmers must be familiar with the instruction set of the computer they are programming.

• Be familiar with the operation of the instructions we have covered up through week 5.
• A, AR, S, SR, L, LR, ST, C, CR, BC, BCR, M, MR, D, DR, LA, LTR, LPR, LNR, LCR.
• Know how the multiply and divide instruction us an even/odd register pair to perform their functions.
• Don't forget the eXtended psuedo-instructions: XREAD, XPRNT, XDECO, XDECI.
• Know which instructions will set the condition code. Remember: the X-instructions won't be in your Reference Summary!
• Be able to use the branch on condition instructions, including their extended mnemonics discussed in class.
• Know how to use literals. Don't forget a LTORG!

Basic Program Structure

You are expected to know how to implement, in assembler, the basic structured programing constructs of higher-level languages. These include:

• Simple IF's
• A top-driven loop.
• Know how to read and process an indefinite number of records from a file.
• Translating a simple formula into assembly language